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Related Concept Videos

Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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Spaceflight Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Ethyl Acetate.

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    Spaceflight Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for ethyl acetate were established to protect astronauts. Studies show mild irritation at 400 ppm and sedative effects in animals above 750 ppm.

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Chemistry
    • Occupational Health
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Ethyl acetate is a naturally occurring organic compound used as an industrial solvent.
    • It has been detected in the International Space Station (ISS) atmosphere and off-gases from building materials.
    • Astronauts face potential exposure to ethyl acetate during space missions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish Spaceflight Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for ethyl acetate.
    • To review and assess the available toxicological literature for ethyl acetate exposure.
    • To ensure astronaut safety during space missions.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic review of electronic databases for toxicological data.
    • Inclusion of previous assessments and reviews of ethyl acetate.
    • Identification of 10 studies suitable for SMAC development from over 35,000 initial studies.

    Main Results:

    • Ethyl acetate is rapidly absorbed and metabolized to ethanol.
    • Human volunteers experienced mild irritation at approximately 400 ppm for 4-8 hours with no lasting effects.
    • Subchronic animal studies indicated mild sedative effects and changes in body weight at concentrations of 750 ppm and higher.

    Conclusions:

    • Sufficient data exists to develop both short- and long-duration SMACs for ethyl acetate.
    • The rapid metabolism and short half-life of ethyl acetate support extrapolation of findings to longer exposure durations.
    • Established SMACs will mitigate health risks associated with ethyl acetate exposure in spaceflight environments.