Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Physical Properties of Ethers02:17

Physical Properties of Ethers

8.3K
Overview
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...
8.3K
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

1.6K
Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
1.6K
Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

16.7K
In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...
16.7K
Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

8.4K
An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
8.4K
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

16.5K
Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
16.5K
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

7.9K
This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
7.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Revisions to Limits for Toluene in Spacecraft Air.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2024
Same author

Spaceflight Recovery Considerations for Acute Inhalational Exposure to Hydrazines.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2023
Same author

Persistent changes in expression of genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs of rats exposed to airborne lunar dust.

Inhalation toxicology·2023
Same author

Spaceflight Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Ethyl Acetate.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2023
Same author

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Hydrogen Fluoride.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2022
Same author

Dynamic ensemble prediction of cognitive performance in spaceflight.

Scientific reports·2022
Same journal

Incidental Renal Cell Carcinoma in an Active-Duty Fighter Pilot.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2026
Same journal

Large Language Models as Behavioral Health Teammates in Long-Duration Spaceflight.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2026
Same journal

Long-Term Post-Bariatric Surgical Outcomes for Aeromedical Certification Consideration.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2026
Same journal

Middle Ear and Sinus Barotraumas of Military Pilots in Finland.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2026
Same journal

From Humanitarian Airlifts to Neonatal Intensive Care in the Sky.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2026
Same journal

Cognitive Performance During Acute Hypoxia Is Associated with Cerebral Oxygenation and Blood Flow.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry
08:23

Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Published on: June 14, 2018

9.2K

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for 1-Propanol.

Valerie E Ryder, Dianne A Yap

    Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance
    |December 29, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for 1-propanol were established to protect astronauts from central nervous system depression and preserve male fertility. These new 1-propanol exposure limits are half those for 2-propanol.

    Keywords:
    1-propanolSMACsinhalation toxicityn-propanol

    More Related Videos

    Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography
    10:11

    Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

    Published on: September 5, 2012

    18.0K
    Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis
    06:50

    Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis

    Published on: January 7, 2019

    9.1K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

    Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry
    08:23

    Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry

    Published on: June 14, 2018

    9.2K
    Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography
    10:11

    Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

    Published on: September 5, 2012

    18.0K
    Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis
    06:50

    Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis

    Published on: January 7, 2019

    9.1K

    Area of Science:

    • Aerospace Medicine
    • Toxicology
    • Environmental Health

    Background:

    • 1-Propanol is a volatile organic compound found in spacecraft.
    • Existing safety limits exist for 2-propanol but not for 1-propanol.
    • This study addresses the need for 1-propanol exposure limits.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive acute and long-term spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for 1-propanol.
    • To ensure astronaut safety during both normal and off-nominal spaceflight conditions.
    • To establish exposure limits based on inhalation toxicity data.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted a literature search for 1-propanol inhalation toxicity studies.
    • Utilized keywords such as "1-propanol," "n-propanol," and "inhalation toxicity."
    • Reviewed animal model data for acute and chronic exposure effects.

    Main Results:

    • Acute exposure to 3250 ppm caused central nervous system depression in mice.
    • No adverse effects were observed at 1600 ppm for 120 hours in rodents.
    • Reduced male fertility was noted at 7000 ppm for 294 hours.

    Conclusions:

    • Established 1-hour and 24-hour SMACs at 205 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively, to prevent CNS depression.
    • Set a 7-day SMAC at 60 ppm based on no observed adverse effects.
    • Recommended SMACs of 35 ppm for 30, 180, and 1000 days to maintain male fertility.