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Related Concept Videos

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

637
Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is...
637
Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

374
Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
374
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

1.9K
Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
1.9K
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

1.4K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
1.4K
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

1.1K
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
1.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level
11:49

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

Published on: November 17, 2013

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Visualizing hypoxic modulation of beta cell secretions via a sensor augmented oxygen gradient.

Kai Duan1, Mengyang Zhou1, Yong Wang2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Program, University of Michigan at Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128 USA.

Microsystems & Nanoengineering
|February 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a novel microfluidic device for precise oxygen gradient control, enabling real-time detection of pancreatic beta cell functions like insulin secretion. The research identified an optimal oxygen level for beta cell activity, advancing our understanding of metabolic regulation.

Keywords:
MicrofluidicsSensors

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High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds
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Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care
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High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Microfluidic cell assays offer scalability and in situ detection advantages.
  • Conventional microfluidics face limitations due to diffusion, restricting spatiotemporal resolution.
  • Studying pancreatic beta cells requires precise control over microenvironmental factors like oxygen.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multilayered microfluidic device for precise oxygen gradient control (0-20%).
  • To enable spatiotemporal detection of cellular responses in pancreatic beta cells.
  • To investigate the relationship between oxygen levels and beta cell function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a multilayered microfluidic system with an integrated hydrogel sensor.
  • Applied a novel oxygen gradient to study pancreatic beta cells in situ.
  • Performed real-time, spatiotemporal detection of calcium, insulin, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Main Results:

  • Achieved sensitive insulin quantification (as low as 25 pg/mL) using imaging.
  • Demonstrated in situ detection of cellular responses to glucose and oxygen stimulation.
  • Uncovered an optimal oxygen range (10-12%) for pancreatic beta cell oscillations, distinct from conventional hypoxic or normoxic conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed microfluidic platform enables advanced spatiotemporal analysis of cellular functions.
  • Identified a critical, non-conventional oxygen level influencing pancreatic beta cell activity.
  • Provides a robust platform for studying oxygen-dependent tissue dysfunctions and refining islet oscillator models.