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Related Concept Videos

Mortar01:29

Mortar

274
Mortar, a mixture of Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, and water, is a crucial binding material in construction. Its primary function is to join masonry units together, filling gaps and ensuring a uniform distribution of weight across the structure. This helps in preventing potential weaknesses. Mortar also serves as a protective barrier against environmental elements such as water and wind, thereby safeguarding the interior of the structure. It also compensates for surface irregularities...
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Mortar Properties01:17

Mortar Properties

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Mortar properties encompass a range of characteristics crucial for construction and masonry work, including workability, water retention, bond strength, durability, compressive strength, volume change, and appearance. Workability refers to mortar's ability to be easily applied and manipulated without sagging or falling off surfaces, which is important for efficient masonry unit placement and alignment. Water retention is essential to prevent the mortar from losing moisture too quickly to...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

147
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
147
Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

120
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
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Sulfate Attack on Concrete01:29

Sulfate Attack on Concrete

230
Sulfate attack on concrete is a deterioration process characterized by a whitish discoloration beginning at the edges and corners, accompanied by cracking and spalling. This phenomenon occurs when sulfates react with the components of hardened concrete, forming compounds like calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate which occupy more space than the substances they replace, causing the concrete to expand and disrupt.
Sulfates from sources like soil, groundwater, or industrial effluents...
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Advanced materials engineering in historical gypsum plaster formulations.

Moslem Mishmastnehi1, Alexander E S Van Driessche2,3, Glen J Smales4

  • 1Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Islamic Art and Archaeology, Bamberg 96047, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Historical gypsum plaster recipes significantly impact microstructure and wettability. Traditional Persian Gach-e Koshteh, with mechanical treatment, creates oriented platelets for enhanced water interaction, unlike Italian Gesso Sottile.

Keywords:
KoshtehPersianSottilegypsumplaster

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Archaeometry
  • Building Conservation

Background:

  • Historical gypsum plasters exhibit diverse properties based on preparation.
  • Understanding these properties is crucial for conservation and material development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how historical gypsum plaster preparation methods influence microstructure and wettability.
  • To compare traditional Persian and Italian recipes with contemporary plasters.

Main Methods:

  • Replication of traditional Persian (Gach-e Koshteh) and Italian (Gesso Sottile) gypsum plaster recipes.
  • Laboratory-based analysis of microstructural differences and wettability properties.
  • Comparison with contemporary low-strength plaster samples.

Main Results:

  • Gach-e Koshteh (Persian) produced oriented gypsum platelets, enhancing hydrophilicity and wettability.
  • Gesso Sottile (Italian) and low-strength plasters showed needle-like gypsum crystals, minimizing hydrophilic surface area.
  • The Persian plaster's enhanced wettability allows direct use for water-based applications.

Conclusions:

  • Historical gypsum plaster preparation methods were advanced techniques for tuning material functionality.
  • Microtexture control, achieved through specific hydration and mechanical treatments, dictates plaster performance.
  • These findings reveal premodern development of functional materials through microstructural engineering.