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Gestalt Principles of Perception01:21

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Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...
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Related Experiment Video

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Strange face illusions: A systematic review and quality analysis.

Joanna Mash1, Paul M Jenkinson2, Charlotte E Dean1

  • 1School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.

Consciousness and Cognition
|February 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Strange face illusions, where faces appear distorted or new faces emerge, are experienced by 58% of people. Higher quality studies show fewer illusions, suggesting methodological factors influence these visual phenomena.

Keywords:
Anomalous subjective experiencesDissociationIllusionsMirror gazingPerceptual distortion

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Strange face illusions are visual phenomena occurring when viewing one's own face in a mirror or another's face in dim light.
  • These illusions can manifest as altered colors, distorted features, or entirely new faces.
  • This review critically examines studies on strange face illusions, their methodological quality, and interpretations.

Approach:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and grey literature up to June 2022.
  • Twenty-one studies (N=1,132) meeting inclusion criteria, providing empirical evidence on strange face illusions, were included.
  • The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was preregistered on the Open Science Framework.

Key Points:

  • Illusory new strange faces are reported by 58% of nonclinical participants.
  • Study quality, assessed by AXIS, was predominantly moderate (43%) or low (43%), with only 14% rated high.
  • Higher study quality correlated with lower illusion rates; older age, more female participants, and interpersonal gazing (IGDT) were associated with higher prevalence.
  • Reduced light, face stimuli, and prolonged fixation are crucial for illusion emergence.

Conclusions:

  • Strange face illusions are reliably observed in both mirror-gazing (MGT) and interpersonal gazing dyad (IGDT) paradigms.
  • Further high-quality research is essential to accurately determine the prevalence and underlying mechanisms of these illusions.