Adaptive Proton Therapy for Pediatric Parameningeal Rhabdomyosarcoma: On-Treatment Anatomic Changes and Timing to...

To characterize on-treatment changes in GTV morphology in children with parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma receiving upfront proton therapy with concurrent chemotherapy and thereby provide guidance on the timing of on-treatment imaging and adaptive replanning.

GTV was delineated on 86 simulation and weekly MR images of 15 prospectively enrolled patients (aged 1-21 years). Temporal changes from baseline in volume and surface (95% Hausdorff distance) were analyzed in relation to the need for plan verification and the resultant doses with hypothetical no treatment adaptation.

The median time was 6 days from the initiation of chemotherapy to CT+MR simulation and 15 days from the simulation to the start of radiotherapy. All but 1 patient showed a continuous decrease in GTV (0.16-1.52%/day) after simulation. At 3 weeks from simulation, 10 of 15 patients exhibited a significant reduction in volume (median, 20%; range, 6-29%). Without replanning, these changes could lead to a reduction in CTV V95 by 7-14% (n = 2) and/or an increase in D0.01 cc/Dmean of adjacent organs at risk by 6-21% of the prescribed target dose (n = 7). Significant dosimetric consequences occurred in cases with (1) a considerable weight gain, (2) shrinkage of the skin surface, or (3) tumor regression in the oral or nasal cavity and sinus that altered air-tissue components in the beam path. The subsequent GTV and dosimetry after 3 weeks from simulation (4 weeks from chemotherapy initiation) demonstrated a relatively stable trend.

On-treatment imaging at 3 weeks after simulation is recommended, if the simulation is performed at 1 week after the initiation of chemotherapy, to detect significant anatomic changes that could result in >5% deviation from planned target coverage and/or organ doses in pediatric patients with parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma receiving early proton therapy.