Spatiotemporal Pattern and Convergence Test of Energy Eco-Efficiency in the Yellow River Basin

Examining the convergence characteristics of energy eco-efficiency in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is of great significance for the sustainable development of China. It fulfills the international commitment to carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Based on the Super-EBM model and ML index, this paper measures the energy eco-efficiency of 60 cities in the YRB during 2006-2018, and then spatial and temporal patterns are both analyzed before the final investigation of the convergence in the YRB. The results show the following: (1) From 2006 to 2018, the energy eco-efficiency of the YRB showed a significant upward trend, but there was still a 25.61% improvement compared with the production frontier. (2) The spatial differentiation of the energy eco-efficiency in the YRB was significant, and the inter-regional differences were the main reason for this. (3) There was no σ-convergence in energy eco-efficiency in the YRB during 2006-2018, but absolute and conditional β-convergence did occur. (4) Although the significant factors in the convergences were different, the levels of energy eco-efficiency in the different reaches all developed towards stable levels, and the catch-up effects in the less-developed regions were significant.