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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Transposable Elements Co-Option in Genome Evolution and Gene Regulation.

Erica Gasparotto1,2, Filippo Vittorio Burattin1,3, Valeria Di Gioia1,2

  • 1Fondazione INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Enrica e Romeo Invernizzi", 20122 Milan, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable Elements (TEs) are dynamic genome components that shape genomes and regulate gene transcription. Their dysregulation is linked to diseases, highlighting their potential for diagnostics and therapeutics.

Keywords:
DNA evolutionTE de-regulation in diseasesgene regulationretrotranspositiontransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Genomes are dynamic, not static, and continuously evolve.
  • Transposable Elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements within genomes.
  • TEs were once considered non-functional but are now recognized for their biological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of Transposable Elements (TEs) in genome evolution and regulation.
  • To explore the involvement of TEs in gene transcription and genome organization.
  • To discuss the implications of TE deregulation in disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Transposable Elements.
  • Analysis of the impact of TEs on genome structure and function.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of TE roles in health and disease.

Main Results:

  • TEs contribute to genome size, rearrangements, and DNA sequence shuffling.
  • TEs have been co-opted as regulatory elements for gene transcription and genome organization.
  • Deregulation of TE activity is implicated in the development and progression of various diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable Elements play crucial roles in shaping genomes and regulating gene expression.
  • TEs offer potential targets for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into TE functions is essential to unlock their full potential.