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Electronic Retinal Prostheses.

Daniel Palanker1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA palanker@stanford.edu.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|February 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinal prostheses offer hope for blindness caused by photoreceptor atrophy by electrically stimulating inner retinal neurons. Different implant types aim to preserve natural vision processing for conditions like age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Photoreceptor atrophy leads to blindness, necessitating visual restoration strategies.
  • Retinal prostheses offer a promising approach by electrically stimulating surviving inner retinal neurons.
  • Two main types exist: subretinal and epiretinal implants, each targeting different neural layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concepts, technologies, and clinical outcomes of retinal prostheses.
  • To discuss the preclinical characterization of prosthetic vision.
  • To provide insights into future developments in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Description of subretinal implants targeting bipolar cells to preserve retinal processing.
  • Description of epiretinal implants stimulating ganglion cells, requiring spike pattern encoding.
  • Review of preclinical studies and clinical trial results for both implant types.

Main Results:

  • Subretinal implants are primarily for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) targeting central vision.
  • Epiretinal implants are for retinitis pigmentosa, where the inner retina is often compromised.
  • The efficacy of retinal prostheses depends on the preservation of the inner retinal network.

Conclusions:

  • Retinal prostheses represent a significant advancement in restoring sight for specific blinding conditions.
  • The choice of implant strategy is tailored to the underlying retinal pathology.
  • Ongoing research and development promise further improvements in prosthetic vision technology.