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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Imaging
    • Microscopy
    • Digital Image Sensors

    Background:

    • Optical system resolution is crucial for imaging performance, especially in microscopy.
    • Traditional resolution limits (Abbe, Nyquist) are insufficient for modern opto-digital systems where both optics and sensors are critical.
    • Existing models fail to accurately predict spatial resolution in complex systems like 3D microscopes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a unified mathematical expression for predicting the spatial resolution limit of opto-digital imaging systems.
    • To provide a reliable design input parameter for systems where optical and digital factors are equally important.

    Main Methods:

    • Articulating the Abbe and Nyquist resolution limit formulas into a single expression.
    • Experimental validation of the derived mathematical model across various opto-digital configurations.

    Main Results:

    • A novel, simple mathematical expression accurately predicts the spatial resolution limit.
    • The proposed formula demonstrates validity across a wide range of opto-digital imaging system combinations.
    • Experimental results confirm the predictive power of the new formula.

    Conclusions:

    • The derived formula offers a significant improvement over traditional methods for predicting resolution in opto-digital systems.
    • This unified approach is essential for accurate system design and performance characterization.
    • The findings are applicable to various imaging modalities, particularly 3D microscopy.