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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.4K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

1.0K
An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

1.3K
In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

6.5K
Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
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Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
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Magnetization dynamics at finite temperature in CoFeB-MgO based MTJs.

Sutee Sampan-A-Pai1, Rattaphon Phoomatna1, Worawut Boonruesi1

  • 1Department of Physics, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand.

Scientific Reports
|February 14, 2023
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Spin transfer torque (STT) in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) enables advanced magnetic memory. Finite size and temperature significantly influence STT switching, with higher temperatures promoting faster, incoherent switching in MRAM devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Spin transfer torque (STT) in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA)-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) is key for next-generation magnetic memory.
  • These technologies offer high speed, low power consumption, and scalability, driving innovation in data storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate the impact of finite size and temperature on magnetization switching mechanisms in CoFeB-MgO based MTJs.
  • To enhance the fundamental understanding and design principles of STT-MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an atomistic model for theoretical investigation.
  • Employed simultaneous solution of spin accumulation within the model.
  • Analyzed the influence of system size and temperature on switching dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Incoherent magnetization switching in MTJs is highly dependent on system size and temperature.
  • Coherent switching is limited to MTJs with diameters below 20 nm at 0 K.
  • At finite temperatures, incoherent switching is thermally excited, and increasing temperature reduces magnetization switching time.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature-dependent properties are crucial for understanding STT-MRAM behavior.
  • Thermally driven reversal mechanisms are significant considerations for designing advanced MRAM systems.
  • Finite size effects play a critical role in determining switching modes.