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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
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Autophagy and its role in osteosarcoma.

Biao Ning1,2,3, Yixin Liu1,2,3, Tianhe Huang1,2,3

  • 1Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

Cancer Medicine
|February 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Osteosarcoma (OS) treatment has plateaued, necessitating new therapeutic targets. Autophagy, a cellular recycling process, plays a key role in OS progression and response to therapy, offering potential new treatment strategies.

Keywords:
autophagychemotherapyimmunotherapyosteosarcomaprogressionradiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents.
  • Current treatments for OS have led to survival rate stagnation, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Autophagy, a cellular self-degradation process, is implicated in various cellular functions relevant to cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted role of autophagy in osteosarcoma.
  • To explore the association between autophagy and key OS processes including proliferation, metastasis, and response to therapies.
  • To identify autophagy-related genes and pathways as potential therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on autophagy in osteosarcoma.
  • Analysis of the role of autophagy in OS cell proliferation and metastasis.
  • Examination of autophagy's impact on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy efficacy in OS.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy significantly influences osteosarcoma cell proliferation and metastasis.
  • Autophagy plays a dual role in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, potentially promoting resistance or sensitivity.
  • Modulating autophagy could impact the effectiveness of osteosarcoma immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is a critical regulator of osteosarcoma biology and treatment response.
  • Autophagy-related genes and pathways represent promising targets for developing novel osteosarcoma therapies.
  • Targeting autophagy may offer a new avenue to overcome treatment resistance and improve patient survival in osteosarcoma.