Multiple preferred escape trajectories are explained by a geometric model incorporating prey's turn and predator...

Area of Science:

• Behavioral Ecology
• Biomathematics
• Predator-Prey Dynamics

Background:

• Prey escape trajectories (ETs) are vital for survival against predators.
• Existing models predict a single ET, but many species exhibit multiple preferred ETs, enhancing unpredictability.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop a novel geometric model explaining multiple preferred prey escape trajectories.
• To investigate the factors influencing prey escape strategy selection.

Main Methods:

• Constructed a geometric model incorporating prey turning time and predator end-of-attack position.
• Optimized ET by maximizing the time difference of arrival at the safety zone edge.
• Fitted the model to experimental data of fish (Pagrus major).

Main Results:

• The model successfully explains multiple preferred ETs observed in Pagrus major.
• Simulations using the model reproduced diverse ET patterns seen in other species (insects, frogs).
• Model parameters generated single and multiple ETs at various angles (20-50°, 150-180°).

Conclusions:

• The novel model provides a mechanistic explanation for multiple preferred escape trajectories in prey.
• This framework advances understanding of behavioral and neurosensory mechanisms underlying escape strategy selection.
• The findings have implications for diverse species, including fish, insects, and amphibians.