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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells
14:23

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

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Principles of regulatory T cell function.

Stanislav Dikiy1, Alexander Y Rudensky2

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA.

Immunity
|February 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are vital immune guardians that prevent autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Their versatile mechanisms modulate various immune cells, supporting tissue repair and regeneration.

Keywords:
immune regulationimmune suppressionregulatory T cells

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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for immune homeostasis.
  • They prevent excessive immune responses, protecting against autoimmunity and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effector mechanisms of Treg cells.
  • To discuss the properties contributing to their functional versatility.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Treg cell functions and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of Treg cell's role in immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair.

Main Results:

  • Treg cells suppress diverse inflammatory responses by modulating innate and adaptive immunity.
  • They employ multiple effector mechanisms targeting various cells and molecules.
  • Treg cells also play roles in tissue maintenance, repair, and regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Treg cells are versatile regulators of immune responses and tissue homeostasis.
  • Understanding their effector mechanisms is key to harnessing their therapeutic potential.