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Tracing energy inputs into the seafloor using carbonate sediments.

B P Smith1, S M Edie1,2, W W Fischer1

  • 1Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.

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|February 21, 2023
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Marine carbonate records reveal how seafloor energy fluxes, influenced by physical, chemical, and biological factors, changed over time. Animal evolution significantly shaped these sedimentary patterns, especially during mass extinctions.

Keywords:
bioturbationdiagenesisend-Permian extinctionocean chemistryseafloor energetics

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Area of Science:

  • Geoscience
  • Paleontology
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Carbonate rocks are crucial archives of Earth's history.
  • Interpreting stratigraphic records is challenging due to complex, overlapping processes.
  • A unified quantitative framework is needed to compare environmental drivers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a mathematical model for analyzing energy fluxes in marine carbonate records.
  • To quantitatively compare physical, chemical, and biological influences on sediment formation.
  • To investigate the drivers of carbonate facies changes, particularly during the end-Permian mass extinction.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a mathematical model to decompose sedimentary processes into energy fluxes.
  • Applied the model to analyze the marine carbonate record, focusing on energy transfer at the sediment-water interface.
  • Examined data from the end-Permian mass extinction and Early Triassic period.

Main Results:

  • Seafloor energy fluxes from physical, chemical, and biological sources are subequal.
  • The dominance of these energy terms varies with environmental setting, seawater chemistry, and animal activity.
  • Reduced bioturbation and increased ocean saturation states had equivalent impacts during the end-Permian extinction.
  • Early Triassic 'anachronistic' carbonates were primarily driven by reduced animal biomass.

Conclusions:

  • Animals and their evolutionary history play a critical role in shaping sedimentary records through their impact on marine environment energetics.
  • The model provides a quantitative framework to disentangle complex environmental drivers in geological archives.
  • Understanding these energetic dynamics is key to interpreting past ocean changes and biodiversity shifts.