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Related Concept Videos

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Lipase-Catalysed Polymerization of Eutectic Mixtures.

David S Freitas1,2, Vânia Quesado1,2, Diana Rocha1,2

  • 1Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.

Chemsuschem
|February 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enzymatic synthesis using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) offers a sustainable route for polyester production. This green chemistry approach yields high conversion rates, reducing costs and toxicity in polymer synthesis.

Keywords:
enzymatic catalysislipasenatural deep eutectic solventspolyesterspolymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Polymer Science
  • Biocatalysis

Background:

  • Chemical processes often involve high toxicity and operational costs.
  • Enzymatic synthesis presents a sustainable alternative for producing valuable chemical products.
  • Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) are emerging as eco-friendly reaction media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the use of NADES components as monomers for polyester synthesis.
  • To investigate lipase-catalyzed esterification in an anhydrous medium using NADES.
  • To establish NADES as a sustainable and cost-effective route for polyester production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three NADES composed of glycerol and an organic base or acid.
  • Employed Aspergillus oryzae lipase for catalyzing polymerization reactions.
  • Analyzed polyester products using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF).

Main Results:

  • Achieved high polyester conversion rates exceeding 70% in anhydrous conditions.
  • Synthesized polyesters with at least 20 monomeric units (glycerol:organic acid/base ratio of 1:1).
  • Demonstrated the polymerization capacity of NADES monomers.

Conclusions:

  • NADES are effective, non-toxic, and cost-efficient monomers for polyester synthesis.
  • Lipase-catalyzed esterification in NADES provides a greener and cleaner approach for producing high value-added polymers.
  • This study pioneers the use of NADES in enzymatic polyester synthesis.