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Related Concept Videos

Glial Cells01:04

Glial Cells

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Overview
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

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Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Multiple Sclerosis: Inflammatory and Neuroglial Aspects.

Giulio Papiri1, Giordano D'Andreamatteo1, Gabriella Cacchiò1

  • 1Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale "Madonna del Soccorso", 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy.

Current Issues in Molecular Biology
|February 24, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis involves autoimmunity and glial/nerve cell dysfunction. This review explores shared mechanisms between multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders for new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
autoimmunitymitochondrial dysfunctionmultiple sclerosisneurodegeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurodegeneration
  • Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the leading acquired demyelinating disease of the CNS.
  • MS pathogenesis involves autoimmunity, immune cells, glial cells, and nerve cells.
  • Disease course is heterogeneous, including relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and progressive (PPMS/SPMS) forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common mechanisms between MS, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • To identify potential master regulators of autoimmunity, inflammation, and nerve cell survival in MS.
  • To address the unmet need for novel therapeutic targets in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on shared biological pathways.
  • Analysis of immune, glial, and neural cell functions in MS pathogenesis.
  • Comparison of mechanisms across MS, autoimmune conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Results:

  • Acute inflammation is key in early MS and RRMS.
  • Energy metabolism, survival, synaptic, and ionic homeostasis disruptions are critical in progressive MS.
  • Mechanisms previously associated with neurodegeneration are increasingly recognized as important from the disease's onset.

Conclusions:

  • MS pathogenesis shares intricate links with autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes.
  • Understanding these common pathways is crucial for developing effective MS treatments.
  • Further research into master regulators could yield novel therapeutic strategies for MS.