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Related Concept Videos

Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines.
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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
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Visualizing Higher-Fold Topology in Chiral Crystals.

Tyler A Cochran1, Ilya Belopolski1, Kaustuv Manna2,3

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Researchers discovered higher-fold topology in chiral crystals, revealing unique electronic properties and multigap bulk boundary correspondence. This finding advances the study of novel topological phases and their electromagnetic responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Novel topological phases of matter offer platforms for discovering unconventional electromagnetic phenomena.
  • Higher-fold topology, a complex topological phase, has remained experimentally elusive for chiral fermions.
  • Understanding multigap topological nature is crucial for exploring exotic electronic states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide conclusive experimental evidence for the multigap topological nature of higher-fold chiral fermions.
  • To explore unique Fermi arc surface states in multiple interband gaps.
  • To uncover the bulk boundary correspondence in multigap electronic topology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fine-tuned chemical engineering to synthesize chiral crystals.
  • Employed photoemission spectroscopy with photon energy contrast for detailed electronic structure analysis.
  • Applied designer chemical gating to manipulate sample properties and probe electronic topology.

Main Results:

  • Identified all bulk branches of a higher-fold chiral fermion for the first time.
  • Observed unique Fermi arc surface states exhibiting an emergent ladder structure across multiple interband gaps.
  • Uncovered an unprecedented multigap bulk boundary correspondence through chemical gating and spectroscopy.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated the higher-fold topology of a chiral crystal, confirming its multigap electronic nature.
  • The findings establish a new paradigm for understanding electronic topology in quantum materials.
  • This work is expected to propel future research into unconventional topological responses and exotic quantum phenomena.