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Adaptive Expertise in Undergraduate Pharmacy Education
1Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.
Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 24, 2023
Summary
Pharmacy educators can combat curriculum overload by fostering adaptive expertise in students. This approach equips future pharmacists with skills for both routine tasks and complex problem-solving in evolving healthcare settings.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacy Education
- Cognitive Psychology
- Instructional Design
Background:
- Pharmacy educators face curriculum overload and the need for core competencies in a complex healthcare system.
- Traditional curricula may not adequately prepare pharmacists for novel and unpredictable practice challenges.
- Adaptive expertise offers a framework to develop both procedural efficiency and creative problem-solving skills.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore undergraduate pharmacy education through a cognitive psychology lens.
- To identify instructional design strategies that foster adaptive expertise in pharmacy students.
- To provide practical mechanisms for addressing curriculum overload and outdated assessments.
Main Methods:
- Exploration of undergraduate pharmacy education using cognitive psychology principles.
- Foregrounding three evidence-based instructional design strategies: cognitive integration, productive failure, and inventing with contrasting cases.
- Analysis of how these strategies support the development of adaptive expertise.
Main Results:
- Cognitive integration, productive failure, and inventing with contrasting cases are identified as key strategies.
- These strategies cultivate long-term learning and support the development of adaptive expertise.
- The proposed strategies offer a practical approach to curriculum overload and assessment reform.
Conclusions:
- Pharmacy education must evolve to equip students with adaptive expertise for modern practice.
- Instructional design strategies grounded in cognitive psychology can enhance both procedural and conceptual knowledge.
- Implementing these strategies will better prepare pharmacy graduates for complex and ambiguous roles in healthcare.
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