SERS-based recyclable immunoassay mediated by 1T-2H mixed-phase magnetic molybdenum disulfide probe and 2D graphitic...

Recently, non-metallic SERS-based immunoassay has attracted much attention due to its attractive chemical enhancement (CM), chemical stability, and biocompatibility. Herein, metallic (1T)-semiconductor (2H) mixed-phase magnetic molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) was rationally developed and combined with two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets to realize a SERS-based recyclable immunoassay of CA125. The Fe₃O₄ core promoted the reliable stacking of MoS₂ nanoflakes into a flower-like shape with fully-exposed active surface. Particularly, the existence of 1T phase facilitated a noble-metal-comparable SERS activity due to the high electron density-induced charge transfer process with elevated efficiency. Moreover, a conversion from bulk to 2D nanosheet was swimmingly achieved for g-C₃N₄ via acid etching, whose large surface area full of active electrons and functional groups triggered an enhancement factor (EF) of 7.8 × 10⁶. Based on a typical sandwich immunostructure, a limit of detection (LOD) as 4.96 × 10^-4 IU/mL was demonstrated for CA125 in a recyclable process. Finally, such an immunosensor was employed to analyze clinical samples, indicating its prodigious potentiality in the early recognition and monitoring of cancer.