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Updated: Aug 9, 2025

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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Extremely Premature Infants: A Scoping Review for Identifying Risk Factors

Masato Ito1, Shin Kato2, Makoto Saito3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.

Biomedicines
|February 25, 2023
PubMed

Insights

This review identified key perinatal risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants. Factors like male sex, low gestational age, and maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy significantly increase BPD risk.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Perinatal Epidemiology

Background:

  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) significantly impacts infant pulmonary function and family health.
  • Identifying perinatal risk factors is crucial for understanding and mitigating BPD development and severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review of evidence on perinatal risk factors for BPD development and severity.
  • To screen and synthesize available research published between 2016 and 2021.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic screening of titles and abstracts from eligible studies.
  • Inclusion of randomized controlled, cohort, and case-control studies published in developed countries.
  • Studies published in English or Japanese between 2016 and 2021 were considered.

Main Results:

  • Identified risk factors for severe BPD include male sex, iatrogenic preterm birth, maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), low gestational age, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth weight, early mechanical ventilation, and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) management.
  • Risk factors for moderate or severe BPD encompass male sex, premature rupture of membranes, clinical chorioamnionitis, maternal HDP, SGA birth weight, cystic lung appearance on X-ray, and PDA management.
  • A total of 3 studies were included for severe BPD and 26 for moderate BPD.

Conclusions:

  • Several significant perinatal risk factors for BPD have been identified.
  • Further validation of a new BPD classification is planned using existing data.
Abstract

Keywords:
bronchopulmonary dysplasianeonatesprematurescoping review

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