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Homelessness, Politics, and Policy: Predicting Spatial Variation in COVID-19 Cases and Deaths.

Hilary Silver¹, Rebecca Morris²

¹Department of Sociology, Columbian College of Arts & Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|February 25, 2023

Summary

Homelessness and COVID-19 outcomes varied. While some factors increased COVID-19 cases and deaths, areas with more unsheltered homelessness surprisingly saw fewer COVID-19 deaths, suggesting complex policy and community influences.

Keywords:

COVID-19 Continuum of Care homeless housing

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Epidemiology
Sociology

Background:

COVID-19 public health orders disproportionately affected individuals experiencing homelessness, particularly those unsheltered.
The spatial relationship between homelessness and COVID-19 transmission and mortality requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the association between spatial variations in unsheltered homelessness and cumulative COVID-19 cases and deaths.
To explore the influence of socioeconomic factors and local policies on pandemic outcomes within Continuums of Care (CoCs).

Main Methods:

Analysis of COVID-19 case and death data in relation to homelessness metrics across U.S. Continuums of Care (CoCs).
Statistical examination of the correlation between unsheltered homelessness rates and COVID-19 outcomes.
Inclusion of variables such as welfare households, internet access, disability status, volunteering, political affiliation, and housing/transportation policies.

Main Results:

CoCs with higher rates of households receiving welfare, lacking internet, and having more disabled residents showed increased COVID-19 cases and deaths.
Counterintuitively, CoCs with greater unsheltered homelessness exhibited fewer COVID-19-related deaths.
Increased volunteering and a higher share of votes for the 2020 Democratic presidential candidate were associated with fewer COVID-19 cases and deaths.

Conclusions:

Local political and social factors, including community sentiment and compliance, may influence COVID-19 outcomes among homeless populations.
The bicoastal pattern of homelessness and policy responses may explain the unexpected inverse relationship between unsheltered homelessness and COVID-19 mortality.
Factors like shelter beds, public housing, group quarters, and public transit use did not independently correlate with pandemic outcomes.