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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

Incidental Pathologic Findings from Orthodontic Pretreatment Panoramic Radiographs.

Phumzile Hlongwa¹, Mpule Annah Lerato Moshaoa¹, Charity Musemwa²

¹Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|February 25, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Panoramic radiography revealed a 38% prevalence of incidental pathologic findings (IPFs) in orthodontic patients, primarily altered tooth morphology. This highlights the importance of thorough radiograph examination for comprehensive dental diagnosis and treatment planning.

Keywords:

incidental pathologic findings orthodontic pre-treatment panoramic radiograph

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Area of Science:

Dentistry
Oral Radiology
Orthodontics

Background:

Panoramic radiography is a common diagnostic tool in dentistry for new patients, follow-ups, and ongoing treatment.
It aids clinicians in detecting pathology, visualizing key anatomical structures, and assessing tooth development.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the prevalence of incidental pathologic findings (IPFs) in pretreatment panoramic radiographs of orthodontic patients at a university dental hospital.

Main Methods:

A retrospective cross-sectional review of 100 pretreatment panoramic radiographs was performed.
Data collected included demographic information and specific dental abnormalities, analyzed using SPSS 28.0.

Main Results:

The overall prevalence of IPFs was 38%, with altered tooth morphology being the most common finding (n=17).
IPFs were slightly more prevalent in males (55.3%) and showed a statistically significant difference between the maxilla (49.2%) and mandible (50.8%).
Other abnormalities, predominantly impacted teeth (n=49), were found in 76% of radiographs.

Conclusions:

Incidental pathologic findings (IPFs) are common in orthodontic pretreatment panoramic radiographs, with altered tooth morphology, idiopathic osteosclerosis, and periapical inflammatory lesions being predominant.
These findings emphasize the critical need for clinicians to meticulously examine panoramic radiographs for comprehensive diagnosis and effective treatment planning in orthodontics.