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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

A Tripeptide-Stabilized Nanoemulsion of Oleic Acid
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Glycomimetic Peptides as Therapeutic Tools.

J Kenneth Hoober1, Laura L Eggink1

  • 1Susavion Biosciences, Inc., 1615 W. University Drive, Suite 132, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.

Pharmaceutics
|February 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Therapeutic peptides mimicking sugars offer a novel approach to immune cell modulation. These high-avidity peptide ligands, discovered via phage display, present advantages over traditional sugar-based drugs for immune therapies.

Keywords:
CLEC10Adose responseeczemaglycomimetic peptidestransglutaminase 2

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Area of Science:

  • Glycobiology and immunology
  • Therapeutic peptide development

Background:

  • Peptides are established as endocrine regulators and vaccine epitopes.
  • The field of glycobiology explores carbohydrate-protein interactions, including lectin receptors.
  • Modulating immune cell activity is a key therapeutic goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging use of peptides as mimics of sugars (glycans).
  • To highlight peptides targeting lectin-type receptors for immune cell modulation.
  • To discuss the advantages of peptide-based therapeutics over carbohydrate drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of phage display libraries to identify peptide ligands.
  • Discovery of peptides that mimic carbohydrate structures.
  • Synthesis of multivalent peptide structures for enhanced avidity.

Main Results:

  • Identification of novel peptide sugar mimetics.
  • Demonstration of significant potential for these peptides as therapeutic tools.
  • Multivalent synthesis enhances the avidity of peptide ligands.

Conclusions:

  • Peptide-based glycomimetics represent a unique therapeutic strategy.
  • These peptides offer a promising new avenue for immune cell modulation.
  • Peptides present distinct advantages over sugars for therapeutic applications in immunology.