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Validation of the PCL-5, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 in a Sample of First Responders
Aazi Ahmadi1, Jeanine M Galusha, Warren N Ponder
1From the Pennsylvania State University (A.A.); McGarrahan & Associates, Dallas, Texas (J.M.G.); Director of Outcomes and Evaluation, One Tribe Foundation, Fort Worth, Texas (W.N.P.); Associate Professor, School of Social Work, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas (J.C.); Assistant Professor, School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington (D.L.S.); University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida (J.W.); Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth (R.A.Y.).
Objective:
First responders (FRs) commonly present for treatment with complex symptom constellations that frequently include posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and generalized anxiety. To date, no FR study has validated these measures on a treatment-seeking sample.
Methods:
Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to validate measures that assess these constructs (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) on a treatment-seeking sample of FRs ( N = 390).
Results:
The seven-factor posttraumatic stress disorder hybrid configuration was the best fit. The best fitting factor model of the depression measure was a two-factor structure, cognitive-affective and somatic depression. Lastly, generalized anxiety was a unidimensional construct.
Limitations:
Follow-up studies should validate these measures on each FR subtype.
Conclusion:
We position these findings within the FR literature, review clinical implications for providers, and offer recommendations for future research.
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