An advanced molecular medicine case report of a rare human tumor using genomics, pathomics, and radiomics

Background: Pulmonary Sclerosing Pneumocytoma (PSP) is a rare tumor of the lung with a low malignant potential that primarily affects females. Initial studies of PSP focused primarily on analyzing features uncovered using conventional X-ray or CT imaging. In recent years, because of the widespread use of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the study of PSP at the molecular-level has emerged. Methods: Analytical approaches involving genomics, radiomics, and pathomics were performed. Genomics studies involved both DNA and RNA analyses. DNA analyses included the patient's tumor and germline tissues and involved targeted panel sequencing and copy number analyses. RNA analyses included tumor and adjacent normal tissues and involved studies covering expressed mutations, differential gene expression, gene fusions and molecular pathways. Radiomics approaches were utilized on clinical imaging studies and pathomics techniques were applied to tumor whole slide images. Results: A comprehensive molecular profiling endeavor involving over 50 genomic analyses corresponding to 16 sequencing datasets of this rare neoplasm of the lung were generated along with detailed radiomic and pathomic analyses to reveal insights into the etiology and molecular behavior of the patient's tumor. Driving mutations (AKT1) and compromised tumor suppression pathways (TP53) were revealed. To ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of this study, a software infrastructure and methodology known as NPARS, which encapsulates NGS and associated data, open-source software libraries and tools including versions, and reporting features for large and complex genomic studies was used. Conclusion: Moving beyond descriptive analyses towards more functional understandings of tumor etiology, behavior, and improved therapeutic predictability requires a spectrum of quantitative molecular medicine approaches and integrations. To-date this is the most comprehensive study of a patient with PSP, which is a rare tumor of the lung. Detailed radiomic, pathomic and genomic molecular profiling approaches were performed to reveal insights regarding the etiology and molecular behavior. In the event of recurrence, a rational therapy plan is proposed based on the uncovered molecular findings.