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Related Concept Videos

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated...
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Meiosis I03:09

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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Rudolph Virchow discovered spindle-shaped cells called fibroblasts in 1858. Inactive fibroblasts, called fibrocytes, become activated by various stimuli, such as growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Activated fibroblasts play a crucial role in wound healing, inflammation, formation of new blood vessels, and cancer progression. Uncontrolled activation of fibroblasts results in fibrosis, the excess deposition of fibrous tissue, which can lead to scarring and affect normal organs. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Mitotic outcomes and errors in fibrous environments.

Aniket Jana1, Apurba Sarkar2, Haonan Zhang1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell shape and extracellular matrix (ECM) fiber interactions dictate mitotic spindle orientation and division errors. Elongated cells on single fibers divide spherically with 3D movement, while more fibers increase stability and speed but alter error types.

Keywords:
cell divisionmitotic cell roundingmitotic spindlenanofibersretraction fibers

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • During mitosis, cells use extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion sites for spindle orientation.
  • Interphase cell shape and interaction with fibrous environments influence mitotic progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate mitotic outcomes and error distribution in relation to interphase cell shapes.
  • To explore the role of suspended ECM-mimicking nanofiber networks in guiding cell division.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized suspended nanofiber networks to mimic fibrous ECM environments.
  • Observed mitotic events in cells with varying interphase shapes (elongated, kite).
  • Developed analytical and Monte Carlo simulation models for cortex-astral microtubules and cell division.

Main Results:

  • Elongated cells on single fibers formed spherical bodies, exhibiting 3D displacement and retraction fiber (RF) guidance.
  • Increased fiber number enhanced stability, reduced movement and rotation, increased interkinetochore distances, and accelerated division.
  • Mitotic defects shifted from monopolar (single fiber) to multipolar (multiple fibers) with increasing fiber adhesion.

Conclusions:

  • Interphase cell shape and adhesion geometry to fibrous microenvironments govern mitotic error types.
  • Bipolar mitosis is robust in fibrous settings, but division fidelity is sensitive to environmental cues.
  • Retraction fiber (RF) geometry and focal adhesion clusters (FACs) critically influence mitotic stability and error propensity.