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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Loss-of-Function Approach in the Embryonic Chick Retina by Using Tol2 Transposon-Mediated Transgenic Expression of Artificial microRNAs
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Roles of non-coding RNAs in eye development and diseases.

Xinrui Shi1, Zhengbo Xue1, Kaicheng Ye1

  • 1School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|February 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial for eye development and function. Precise ncRNA modulation offers promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for increasing eye diseases like cataracts and glaucoma.

Keywords:
eye developmenteye diseasesnon-coding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ocular disorders are a growing global health concern, leading to visual impairment.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are vital regulators of gene expression in ocular tissues.
  • Dysregulation of ncRNAs contributes to the progression of various eye diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of ncRNA's role in eye development and function.
  • To explore the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of ncRNAs in ophthalmology.
  • To highlight challenges and future directions in ncRNA research for eye diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on ncRNAs in ocular health and disease.
  • Analysis of ncRNA's regulatory functions in ocular histogenesis and cell differentiation.
  • Examination of ncRNA expression patterns in common eye disorders.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs play critical roles in normal eye development and function.
  • Aberrant ncRNA expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of major eye diseases.
  • ncRNAs demonstrate potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for visual impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Precise modulation of ncRNAs is a promising strategy for treating eye diseases.
  • Further research into ncRNAs can unlock new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in ophthalmology.
  • Addressing challenges in ncRNA research will accelerate clinical applications for vision preservation.