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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Recent Advances in Lignocellulose-Based Monomers and Their Polymerization.

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Renewable bio-based polymers offer a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, addressing environmental concerns. This review details producing bio-based monomers from lignocellulose, focusing on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and vanillin, and their polymerization.

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Area of Science:

  • Sustainable Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomass Conversion

Background:

  • Growing environmental and climate concerns necessitate replacing fossil-based polymers with renewable alternatives.
  • Lignocellulose represents an abundant and sustainable feedstock for producing bio-based polymers.
  • Current research focuses on efficient conversion pathways from lignocellulose to valuable bio-based monomers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress in deriving bio-based monomers from lignocellulose.
  • To highlight the preparation of monomers from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and vanillin.
  • To discuss polymerization methods and applications of resulting bio-based polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Fractionation of lignocellulose into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
  • Depolymerization of fractions into carbohydrates and aromatic compounds.
  • Catalytic or thermal conversion to platform chemicals, followed by monomer synthesis and polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of monomer synthesis from 5-HMF and vanillin.
  • Exploration of various polymerization techniques for bio-based monomers.
  • Discussion of recent advancements in bio-based polymeric materials.

Conclusions:

  • Bio-based polymers derived from lignocellulose present a viable sustainable alternative.
  • Continued research into efficient monomer production and polymerization is crucial for widespread adoption.
  • Emerging applications and future trends indicate significant potential for these materials.