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Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Methods of Classification and Identification01:28

Methods of Classification and Identification

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Bacterial identification relies on a diverse array of techniques to classify and understand microorganisms, each tailored to uncover specific characteristics. Traditional morphological approaches, while still valuable, are limited for closely related or structurally simple organisms. Modern methods integrate biochemical, serological, genetic, and advanced molecular tools to achieve greater accuracy.Morphological and Biochemical TechniquesMorphological characteristics, such as cell shape and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing by Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging of Deuterium Incorporation in a Single Bacterium
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Conventional methods and future trends in antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Md Abdus Salam1, Md Yusuf Al-Amin2,3, Jogendra Singh Pawar3

  • 1Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Malaysia.

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
|February 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods are evolving for faster results in infectious disease treatment. Innovations include automation, genotypic analysis, and micro/nanotechnology to improve speed and efficiency.

Keywords:
ADR, Adverse drug reactionAMR, Antimicrobial resistanceAST, Antimicrobial susceptibility testingATCC, American Type Culture CollectionAdvantages and disadvantagesAntimicrobial susceptibility testingAutomationsCFU, Colony forming unitsCLSI, Clinical & Laboratory Standards InstituteConventional methodsDOT-MGA, Direct-On-Target Microdroplet Growth AssayEUCAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility TestingEtest, Epsilometer testingGenotypic methodsID, IdentificationMALDI-TOF MS, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass SpectrometryMBC, Minimum bactericidal concentrationMDR, Multi drug resistantMHA, Muller Hinton AgarMIC, Minimum inhibitory concentrationMicro/nanotechnology-based techniquesNAAT, Nucleic Acid Amplification TestPCR, Polymerase chain reactionPMF, Peptide mass fingerprintPOC, Point of careWGS, Whole Genome SequencingZOI, Zone of inhibition

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Clinical Diagnostics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is crucial for guiding antimicrobial therapy in infectious diseases.
  • Conventional phenotypic methods (e.g., disc diffusion, broth microdilution) are time-consuming and labor-intensive.
  • There is a continuous drive to develop faster, more efficient AST methods for clinical microbiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review conventional phenotypic methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
  • To highlight advancements in automated, genotypic, and micro/nanotechnology-based AST methods.
  • To discuss the evolution of AST towards reduced turnaround times and improved sample processing.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of current antimicrobial susceptibility testing methodologies.
  • Summary of classical phenotypic techniques.
  • Overview of emerging automated, genotypic, and micro/nanotechnology-based approaches.

Main Results:

  • Conventional methods remain gold standards despite limitations.
  • Automation offers enhanced data analysis and sharing capabilities.
  • Genotypic and microfluidic methods show promise for speed and safety but require validation.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of AST focuses on reducing turnaround time and simplifying sample handling.
  • Emerging technologies like automation, genotypic assays, and microfluidics are transforming AST.
  • Extensive validation is necessary before widespread clinical adoption of novel AST methods.