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Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

Lipid Absorption

Lipid Absorption

Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
These breakdown products bind with bile salts and lecithin to form micelles, which quickly pass between microvilli to come in close contact with the apical...

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport

Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process that utilizes human Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters. These transporters bind to the drug, undergo structural...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications

Published on: November 17, 2015

A Sojourn on Liposomal Delivery System: Recent Advances and Future Prospects.

Simranjeet Kaur¹, Dilpreet Singh¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.

Assay and Drug Development Technologies

|March 1, 2023

Summary

Liposomes are versatile nanoscale drug carriers with phospholipid bilayers, ideal for delivering both aqueous and lipid drugs. Their tunable properties and size offer enhanced pharmacokinetics and targeted delivery, particularly for tumors.

Keywords:

EPR in vivo liposomes size distribution structural features vesicles

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Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Pharmaceutics
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles capable of encapsulating hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
Their unique structure allows for dual drug loading and versatile drug delivery applications.
Liposomes offer advantages like biocompatibility, large drug payload capacity, and tunable physicochemical properties.

Approach:

This review examines the structural composition and formulation technologies of liposomes.
It explores case studies for optimizing liposome biopharmaceutical performance.
The review also covers clinical trials and existing marketed liposomal formulations.

Key Points:

Liposomes (10-100 nm) enhance pharmacokinetics and enable site-specific drug administration.
They facilitate tumor tissue internalization via the enhanced permeability and retention effect.
Key benefits include improved in vivo stability and evasion of the reticuloendothelial system.

Conclusions:

Liposomes represent a promising drug delivery system with significant potential in pharmaceutical applications.
Optimizing formulation and understanding structural-performance relationships are crucial for maximizing therapeutic efficacy.
The review highlights the clinical relevance and established use of liposomes in medicine.