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Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dorsal Skin of Hamsters: a Useful Model for the Screening of Antileishmanial Drugs

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Published on: April 21, 2012

Fleas and lesions in armadillo osteoderms.

Alan Boyde¹, David Mills¹, Agustin Manuel Abba²

¹Dental Physical Sciences, Barts' and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Journal of Anatomy

|March 2, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fleas of the genus Tunga create unique lesions in armadillo osteoderms. These flea bite holes are formed by host bone resorption, not direct insect excavation, allowing the flea

Keywords:

Chaetophractus Dasypus Tolypeutes Tunga perforans Xenarthra bone resorption carapace insect trace fossils

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Area of Science:

Zoology
Parasitology
Paleontology

Background:

Armadillos are hosts to various flea species, including Tunga.
Tunga fleas, particularly T. perforans, create distinct lesions in armadillo osteoderms.
The exact mechanism of lesion formation in armadillo osteoderms by Tunga fleas remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the generation of Tunga flea-induced lesions in armadillo osteoderms.
To determine whether lesions are created by the insect or the host response.
To analyze the microstructural characteristics of these lesions.

Main Methods:

Examination of carapace material from wild-caught armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus, Chaetophractus villosus, Tolypeutes matacus).
Utilized three-dimensional backscattered electron mode scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Employed X-ray microtomography for detailed analysis of osteoderm structures.

Main Results:

Lesions in Chaetophractus villosus and Tolypeutes matacus showed resorption pit complexes on osteoderm surfaces.
These complexes are characteristic of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
Lesions affected bone sutures and central osteoderm regions, with evidence of bone repair.

Conclusions:

Tunga perforans fleas induce a local host response leading to bone resorption.
This host-driven bone resorption creates cavities for flea neosome development.
The findings highlight an indirect mechanism of lesion formation by parasitic fleas in armadillos.