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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Epigenetic developmental programming and intergenerational effects of thyroid hormones.

Arturo Hernandez1, M Elena Martinez2, Carolina Chaves3

  • 1Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, United States; Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.

Vitamins and Hormones
|March 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Altered thyroid hormone (TH) signaling during development can cause lasting epigenetic changes, impacting adult health and potentially affecting future generations. These effects highlight TH

Keywords:
BehaviorBrain developmentBrown adipose tissueDio2Dio3Germ cellsHypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axisLiver steatosisThyroid hormoneTransgenerational epigenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Epigenetics: Investigating the role of nuclear hormone receptors in developmental programming and disease susceptibility.

Background:

  • Altered signaling via nuclear hormone receptors can induce persistent epigenetic modifications, increasing disease risk, especially following early-life exposures.
  • Early-life exposures can disrupt the epigenetic information within the germ line, potentially causing developmental abnormalities in subsequent generations.
  • Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, mediated by nuclear receptors, profoundly influences chromatin structure, gene transcription, and epigenetic marks.

Approach:

  • Reviewing evidence on the role of thyroid hormone (TH) action in developmental epigenetic programming of adult traits.
  • Examining the impact of altered TH signaling on inter- and trans-generational epigenetic phenomena through germ line transmission.
  • Considering TH's characteristics as epigenetic modifiers and their precisely regulated developmental actions.

Key Points:

  • TH signaling is central to the developmental epigenetic programming of adult pathophysiology.
  • TH's actions during development are dynamically regulated, influencing multiple tissues.
  • Altered TH action may contribute to the non-genetic etiology of human diseases, particularly given thyroid disease prevalence and environmental disruptors.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone's role in epigenetic programming is critical for both adult health and subsequent generations.
  • Further research into TH's epigenetic effects is needed, given their potential impact on disease etiology.
  • Environmental factors disrupting TH action may have significant public health implications through epigenetic pathways.