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Range Restriction Affects Factor Analysis: Normality, Estimation, Fit, Loadings, and Reliability.

Alicia Franco-Martínez1,2, Jesús M Alvarado2, Miguel A Sorrel1

  • 1Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.

Educational and Psychological Measurement
|March 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Range restriction (RR) in factor analysis, especially indirect RR, can distort results. Decreasing factor loading size and increasing restriction size negatively impact multivariate normality, estimation, factor loadings, and reliability.

Keywords:
convenience samplingfactor analysisrange restrictionsimulationvalidation

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Statistical Modeling

Background:

  • Range restriction (RR) occurs when sample variance is reduced compared to population variance, hindering representativeness.
  • Indirect RR, common with convenience samples, affects latent factors rather than observed variables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of indirect range restriction on factor analysis outputs.
  • To examine effects on multivariate normality, estimation, goodness-of-fit, factor loadings, and reliability.

Main Methods:

  • A Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted.
  • Data were generated using a linear selective sampling model.
  • Simulations varied sample size, test size, loading size, and restriction size.

Main Results:

  • An interaction between smaller loading sizes and larger restriction sizes negatively affected multivariate normality assessment and estimation.
  • This interaction also led to underestimation of factor loadings and reliability.
  • Most multivariate normality tests and fit indices were insensitive to range restriction.

Conclusions:

  • Applied researchers should be cautious of indirect range restriction's pervasive effects.
  • Recommendations are provided to mitigate the impact of range restriction in factor analysis.