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An ARF24-ZmArf2 module influences kernel size in different maize haplotypes.

Jie Gao1, Long Zhang1, Haonan Du1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Maize Engineering Technology Joint Center, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
|March 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Small G-protein ZmArf2 positively regulates maize kernel size. Its expression is controlled by auxin response factors binding to distinct promoter elements, influencing maize yield potential.

Keywords:
ARF24ZmArf2auxin responsemaize kernel

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Genetics
  • Agricultural science

Background:

  • ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family proteins are GTP-binding proteins crucial for various cellular processes.
  • The specific roles of small GTP-binding proteins, including ARFs, in regulating maize kernel size are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a novel maize ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein, ZmArf2.
  • To elucidate the function of ZmArf2 in regulating maize kernel size.
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying ZmArf2 expression regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of ZmArf2 in maize.
  • Analysis of maize zmarf2 mutants and ZmArf2 overexpression lines.
  • Heterologous expression studies in Arabidopsis and yeast.
  • Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis.
  • Yeast one-hybrid screening to identify ZmArf2 promoter-binding proteins.

Main Results:

  • ZmArf2 is a highly conserved maize ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein.
  • Maize zmarf2 mutants exhibit reduced kernel size, while ZmArf2 overexpression enhances kernel size.
  • ZmArf2 promotes cell division and growth in heterologous systems (Arabidopsis and yeast).
  • ZmArf2 expression levels are primarily linked to variations at its gene locus.
  • Two promoter types (pS and pL) of ZmArf2 are associated with expression levels and kernel size.
  • Maize Auxin Response Factor 24 (ARF24) binds to ZmArf2 promoters and negatively regulates its expression.
  • ARF24 binding affinity differs between the auxin response element (AuxRE) in pS and the auxin response region (AuxRR) in pL, with higher affinity for AuxRR.

Conclusions:

  • ZmArf2 is a positive regulator of maize kernel size.
  • The expression of ZmArf2 is modulated by ARF24 through differential binding to distinct promoter elements (AuxRE and AuxRR).
  • This study reveals a novel mechanism for controlling maize kernel size involving small G-proteins and auxin response factors.