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Related Experiment Video

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Ready for handwriting? A reference data study on handwriting readiness assessments.

Helga Haberfehlner1, Liesbeth de Vries2,3, Edith H C Cup4

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Bruges, Bruges, Belgium.

Plos One
|March 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study provides Dutch reference data for handwriting readiness assessments in kindergarten children. These new benchmarks help identify children at risk for handwriting difficulties early on.

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational therapy
  • Developmental pediatrics
  • Educational psychology

Background:

  • Early identification of writing readiness is crucial for preventing handwriting difficulties.
  • Existing tools like the Writing Readiness Inventory Tool In Context (WRITIC), Timed Test of In-Hand Manipulation (Timed TIHM), and Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) assess handwriting readiness and fine motor skills.
  • A lack of Dutch reference data for these tools previously hindered accurate assessment in Dutch kindergarten children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative reference data for the WRITIC in Dutch kindergarten children.
  • To provide reference data for the Timed TIHM and 9-HPT for handwriting readiness assessment in this population.
  • To facilitate early identification of children at risk for handwriting difficulties in the Netherlands.

Main Methods:

  • 374 Dutch kindergarten children (ages 5-6.5 years) participated.
  • Children with diagnosed impairments affecting handwriting were excluded.
  • Descriptive statistics and percentile scores were calculated for WRITIC, Timed TIHM, and 9-HPT.

Main Results:

  • Reference data ranges were established for WRITIC (23-48), Timed TIHM (17.9-64.5s), and 9-HPT (18.2-48.3s).
  • Low performance was defined as WRITIC scores ≤36, Timed TIHM >39.6s, and 9-HPT >33.8s.
  • Percentile scores below the 15th percentile were used to identify potential low performance.

Conclusions:

  • The established reference data for the WRITIC enables effective assessment of handwriting readiness in Dutch kindergarteners.
  • These data aid in identifying children potentially at risk for developing handwriting difficulties.
  • The study provides essential benchmarks for occupational therapists and educators in the Netherlands.