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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Urethroplasty with Pedicled Tunica Vaginalis for the Treatment of Long-segment Anterior Urethral Stricture Caused by Lichen Sclerosus of Glans Penis
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Lichen sclerosus: The 2023 update.

David A De Luca1, Cristian Papara1,2, Artem Vorobyev1,2

  • 1Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.

Frontiers in Medicine
|March 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory skin condition affecting the anogenital area, primarily in postmenopausal women. Its exact cause remains unknown, but research points to genetic and immune factors, with topical corticosteroids as the main treatment.

Keywords:
autoimmunitybalanitis xerotica obliteranskraurosis vulvaelichen sclerosuswhite spot disease

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an underdiagnosed inflammatory mucocutaneous condition.
  • It predominantly affects postmenopausal women, but can occur in men, children, and adolescents.
  • The etiology of LS is unknown, though hormonal status, trauma, and autoimmune diseases are associated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on the clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and emerging treatments for LS.
  • To foster translational research in LS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on LS.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic options.

Main Results:

  • LS pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition, immune-mediated pathways (Th1-specific IFNγ-induced phenotype), tissue remodeling, and oxidative stress.
  • Clinical features include chronic whitish patches, itching, soreness, genital scarring, and potential for squamous cell carcinoma.
  • Diagnosis is typically clinical, but biopsy is recommended for unclear cases or suspicion of neoplasm.

Conclusions:

  • LS is a common dermatological disease with incompletely understood pathogenesis and limited treatment options.
  • Long-term topical corticosteroids are the gold-standard therapy; calcineurin inhibitors are an alternative.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate LS pathogenesis and improve treatment strategies.