Exosomal RNAs in the development and treatment of pituitary adenomas
Mengqi Chang1,2, Shenzhong Jiang1, Xiaopeng Guo1
1Department of Neurosurgery, China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Abstract:
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry various bioactive molecules including various RNAs that modulate the activities of recipient cells. It has drawn considerable attention as means of cell communication and drug delivery. Exosome plays important role in various tumors, but it is rarely summarized in pituitary adenoma (PA). PA is the second most common primary central nervous system tumor, and its recurrence and persistent postoperative hormone hypersecretion lead to compromised quality of life. How exactly exosomes impact tumor development and hormone secretion is important for the development of this tumor diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discuss how exosomal RNAs impact PAs and their potential as future clinical therapies. In our literature review, first, we found that exosomal microRNA hsa-miR-1180-3p is a potential early biomarker for NFPAs. Since NFPAs are typically difficult to diagnose, this is an especially important finding. Second, exosomal protein transcripts are potential invasive biomarker, such as MMP1, N-cadherin, CDK6, RHOU, INSM1, and RASSF10. Third, exosomal contents such as hsa-miR-21-5p promote distant bone formation of GHPA patients. Fourth, tumor suppressors in the exosome constitute novel therapeutic application of exosome, including long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19, miR-149-5p, miR-99a-3p, and miR-423-5p. This review discusses the possible mechanisms of exosome and their contents in PA and promotes the use of exosomes in both clinical diagnosis and treatment of this tumor.
Insights
Exosomes, small vesicles carrying RNAs, show promise in diagnosing and treating pituitary adenomas (PA). Specific exosomal RNAs can serve as early biomarkers for non-functioning PAs and indicators of tumor invasion.
Area of Science:
- Molecular Biology
- Oncology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in cell communication and drug delivery.
- Pituitary adenomas (PA) are common central nervous system tumors with significant impact on quality of life.
- The role of exosomes in PA development and hormone secretion is under-explored.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the impact of exosomal RNAs on pituitary adenomas (PA).
- To explore the potential of exosomal contents as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PA.
- To summarize current understanding of exosome mechanisms in PA.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on exosomes and pituitary adenomas.
- Analysis of identified exosomal microRNAs, protein transcripts, and long noncoding RNAs.
- Synthesis of findings related to exosomal roles in PA diagnosis and therapy.
Main Results:
- Exosomal microRNA hsa-miR-1180-3p identified as a potential early biomarker for non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs).
- Exosomal protein transcripts (MMP1, N-cadherin, CDK6, RHOU, INSM1, RASSF10) suggested as potential invasive biomarkers.
- Exosomal hsa-miR-21-5p linked to distant bone formation in growth hormone-secreting PA (GHPA).
- Tumor suppressors like lncRNA H19, miR-149-5p, miR-99a-3p, and miR-423-5p identified as potential therapeutic targets.
Conclusions:
- Exosomal RNAs play significant roles in pituitary adenoma development and progression.
- Exosomes offer promising avenues for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of pituitary adenomas.
- Further research into exosome-mediated mechanisms can advance PA clinical management.
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