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Related Concept Videos

The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

6.7K
The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Measurement of Microtubule Dynamics by Spinning Disk Microscopy in Monopolar Mitotic Spindles
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Measurement of Microtubule Dynamics by Spinning Disk Microscopy in Monopolar Mitotic Spindles

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Deep learning techniques and mathematical modeling allow 3D analysis of mitotic spindle dynamics.

David Dang1,2, Christoforos Efstathiou1, Dijue Sun1

  • 1School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|March 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

SpinX is a new framework that uses deep learning to reconstruct gaps in time-lapse microscopy movies, enabling precise 3D tracking of subcellular structures like cell spindles. This automation overcomes limitations in manual analysis for advanced cell dynamics studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy
  • Bioimaging

Background:

  • Time-lapse microscopy is crucial for studying subcellular dynamics.
  • Manual analysis of these movies introduces bias and variability.
  • Existing automated methods struggle with spatial-temporal discontinuities in microscopy data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated framework, SpinX, for analyzing time-lapse microscopy data.
  • To overcome challenges in 3D object segmentation and tracking caused by data gaps.
  • To enable precise 3D tracking and analysis of subcellular structures, specifically cell spindles.

Main Methods:

  • SpinX combines deep learning with mathematical object modeling to reconstruct missing frames.
  • The framework incorporates expert feedback via selective annotations.
  • It addresses confounding factors like neighbor-cell information, non-uniform illumination, and variable marker intensity.

Main Results:

  • SpinX successfully identifies subcellular structures despite challenging imaging conditions.
  • The framework enables precise 3D tracking and analysis of spindle movements relative to the cell cortex.
  • The utility of SpinX was validated across diverse markers, cell lines, microscopes, and drug treatments.

Conclusions:

  • SpinX offers an automated and continuous approach to time-lapse microscopy analysis.
  • It provides a robust framework for sophisticated studies of spindle dynamics.
  • This advancement facilitates step changes in research utilizing time-lapse microscopy for cell dynamics.