Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mouse Models of Cancer Study02:43

Mouse Models of Cancer Study

5.6K
Mice have long served as models for studying human biology and pathology because of their phylogenetic and physiological similarity with humans. They are also easy to maintain and breed in the laboratory, and hence, many inbred strains are now available for research. Studies on mice have contributed immeasurably to our understanding of cancer biology.
The development of transgenic, knockout, and knock-in mice has led to an exponential increase in their use as model organisms in research,...
5.6K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.2K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.2K
Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

23.1K
Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
23.1K
Translation01:31

Translation

142.7K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
142.7K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

11.7K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
11.7K
Transgenic Organisms00:53

Transgenic Organisms

31.4K
Overview
31.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Translational assessment instruments for preclinical to first-in-human decision-making: a scoping review.

Journal of translational medicine·2026
Same author

A survey to evaluate animal methods bias experienced by India-based researchers in the peer review of manuscripts and grant applications.

NAM journal·2026
Same author

Liquorice alters adipocyte-breast cancer cell crosstalk by modulating oxidative stress and suppressing aromatase and renin-angiotensin signalling.

International journal of food sciences and nutrition·2026
Same author

Xenotransplantation and the organ shortage: evaluating policy priorities.

Current opinion in organ transplantation·2026
Same author

Beyond the amyloid hypothesis: leveraging human-centered complex <i>in vitro</i> models to decode Alzheimer's disease etiology.

Frontiers in toxicology·2026
Same author

Yerba Mate (<i>Ilex paraguariensis</i>) and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review of Mechanistic and Clinical Evidence.

Nutrients·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research
09:35

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

Published on: August 16, 2017

17.9K

Poor Translatability of Biomedical Research Using Animals - A Narrative Review.

Lindsay J Marshall1, Jarrod Bailey2, Manuela Cassotta3

  • 1Animal Research Issues, 94219The Humane Society of the United States, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA
|March 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Drug development fails over 92% of the time due to poor translation from animal models. Innovative tools like organs-on-chips show promise for predicting safety and efficacy in human-relevant preclinical drug testing.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseHIV/AIDS vaccinesNAMsParkinson’s diseaseanimal modelsbiomedical researchdrug developmenthuman-relevantnew approach methodologiesrespiratory diseasesrheumatoid arthritistranslation

More Related Videos

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
07:48

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Published on: November 26, 2015

10.0K
The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and In Vivo Sampling Techniques
09:01

The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and In Vivo Sampling Techniques

Published on: July 3, 2014

23.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 7, 2025

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research
09:35

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

Published on: August 16, 2017

17.9K
Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
07:48

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Published on: November 26, 2015

10.0K
The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and In Vivo Sampling Techniques
09:01

The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and In Vivo Sampling Techniques

Published on: July 3, 2014

23.3K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Translational Medicine
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • The drug development pipeline faces a persistent failure rate exceeding 92% in translating animal test results to human treatments.
  • These failures are primarily attributed to unexpected toxicity and lack of efficacy observed in human trials, which were not predicted by traditional animal models.
  • This highlights a critical gap in current preclinical testing methodologies for ensuring drug safety and effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review disease areas where animal models have historically failed to yield effective human treatments.
  • To explore the potential of innovative, human-relevant new approach methodologies (NAMs) in preclinical drug testing.
  • To provide recommendations for applying NAMs to improve drug safety and efficacy prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature and preclinical data across various disease areas.
  • Analysis of the limitations of conventional animal testing in predicting human responses.
  • Evaluation of emerging technologies, specifically organs-on-chips, for preclinical drug assessment.

Main Results:

  • Animal models demonstrate significant limitations in predicting drug toxicity and efficacy, contributing to high failure rates in clinical translation.
  • Organs-on-chips and other NAMs show superior ability in identifying potential safety issues and predicting efficacy compared to traditional animal testing.
  • Evidence suggests NAMs can improve the accuracy of preclinical safety and efficacy assessments.

Conclusions:

  • The high failure rate in drug translation underscores the inadequacy of animal models for predicting human responses.
  • New approach methodologies, such as organs-on-chips, offer a more human-relevant and predictive alternative for preclinical drug testing.
  • Adoption of NAMs is crucial for enhancing the efficiency and success rate of drug development, leading to safer and more effective human treatments.