2D carbon nitride as a support with single Cu, Ag, and Au atoms for carbon dioxide reduction reaction

The electrochemical conversion of CO₂ into value-added chemicals is an important approach to recycling CO₂. In this work, we have combined the most efficient metal catalysts for this reaction, namely Cu, Ag, and Au, as single-atom particles dispersed on a two-dimensional carbon nitride support, with the aim of exploring their performance in the CO₂ reduction reaction. Here, we report density functional theory computations showing the effect of single metal-atom particles on the support. We found that bare carbon nitride needed a high overpotential to overcome the energy barrier for the first proton-electron transfer, while the second transfer was exergonic. The deposition of single metal atoms enhances the catalytic activity of the system as the first proton-electron transfer is favored in terms of energy, although strong binding energies were found for CO adsorption on Cu and Au single atoms. Our theoretical interpretations are consistent with the experimental evidence that the competitive H₂ generation is favored due to the strong CO binding energies. Our computational study paves the road to finding suitable metals that catalyze the first proton-electron transfer in the carbon dioxide reduction reaction and produce reaction intermediates with moderate binding energies, promoting a spillover to the carbon nitride support and thereby serving as bifunctional electrocatalysts.