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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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Liver diseases: Perspective from the Philippines.

Eric David Ornos1, Karl Jeffrey Murillo2, Janus P Ong2

  • 1College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines.

Annals of Hepatology
|March 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liver disease is a significant health issue in the Philippines, with viral hepatitis and fatty liver disease being common. Strengthening surveillance and implementing tailored guidelines are crucial for better management of liver conditions.

Keywords:
Alcohol-associated liver diseaseLiver cancerLiver cirrhosisNon-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseViral hepatitis

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Liver diseases represent a substantial global health burden, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality.
  • In the Philippines, liver diseases constitute a notable public health concern, with 27.3 cases per 1000 deaths attributed to these conditions.
  • The actual prevalence of liver disease in the Philippines may be underestimated due to insufficient epidemiological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence, risk factors, and management strategies for major liver diseases in the Philippines.
  • To highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and localized clinical guidelines for liver disease management.
  • To emphasize the importance of multisectoral collaboration in addressing the burden of liver disease.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesized existing data on liver disease epidemiology and management in the Philippines.
  • Key liver conditions discussed include viral hepatitis (B and C), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • The review considered available clinical practice guidelines and the necessity for local adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are significant contributors to liver disease burden.
  • Existing epidemiological data likely underestimates the true impact of liver diseases in the Philippines.
  • Clinical practice guidelines have been developed, but their local implementation and impact require further evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Strengthening liver disease surveillance systems in the Philippines is imperative.
  • Developing and implementing clinical practice guidelines tailored to local needs is essential for effective management.
  • Multisectoral cooperation among healthcare providers, policymakers, and the public is vital to mitigate the impact of liver diseases.