Effects of Various Valence Ions on an Aqueous Rechargeable Zn//Polyaniline-coated ZnMn₂ O₄ Battery

Zinc corrosion and dendrite formation are the main issues which impede the performance of aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) after certain times. In this work, we systematically investigated the effects of three different valence ions (e. g., Na⁺ , Mg²⁺ , Al³⁺ ) as electrolyte additives on the suppression of zinc corrosion and the inhibition of dendrite growth. By combining experiments and theoretical calculations, it has been found that the existence of Na⁺ ions effectively suppressing the zinc dendrite growth because Na⁺ possessess high adsorption energy approximately -0.39 eV. Moreover, Na⁺ ions could lengthen the zinc dendrite formation duration up to 500 h. On the other hand, the PANI/ZMO cathode materials showed the small band gap approximately 0.097 eV, signifying that the PANI/ZMO possessed the semiconductor characteristics. Furthermore, an assembled Zn//PANI/ZMO/GNP full battery using Na⁺ ions as electrolyte additive displayed capacity retention of 90.2 % after 500 cycles at 0.2 A g^-1 , whereas the capacity retention of the control battery using pure ZnSO₄ electrolyte was only 58.2 %. This work could provide a reference for the selection of electrolyte additives in future batteries.