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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

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Submarine groundwater discharge: An Asian overview.

Sruthy Sajeev1, P Muthukumar2, S Selvam2

  • 1Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India; Registration No: 19212232222016, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.

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|March 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a significant process in Asian coastal regions, supplying freshwater and transporting nutrients. More research is needed in India to understand its impact and management.

Keywords:
AsiaNutrient fluxRadiumRadonSubmarine groundwater discharge

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Area of Science:

  • * Coastal Hydrology
  • * Marine Geochemistry
  • * Environmental Science

Background:

  • * Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) describes groundwater flow from land to sea.
  • * SGD is recognized as a crucial process in Asian coastal zones, influencing water and nutrient exchange.
  • * Previous studies have focused on China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, with limited research in India.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review and synthesize existing research on submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) within the Asian context.
  • * To highlight the current state of SGD research in India and identify knowledge gaps.
  • * To emphasize the need for further investigation into SGD processes, environmental impacts, and management strategies in India.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review and synthesis of existing scientific publications on SGD in Asia.
  • * Analysis of research trends and geographical distribution of SGD studies.
  • * Identification of key findings and challenges in understanding SGD.

Main Results:

  • * SGD is a significant contributor of freshwater and a pathway for nutrient and pollutant transport in Asian coastal environments.
  • * Extensive research exists for China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, with varying levels of detail.
  • * Research on SGD in India is nascent, with increasing groundwater extraction potentially impacting coastal aquifers.

Conclusions:

  • * Submarine groundwater discharge is a vital process in Asia, impacting coastal ecosystems.
  • * There is a critical need for expanded research on SGD in India to address environmental concerns and inform management.
  • * Understanding SGD is essential for sustainable coastal resource management and mitigating pollution.