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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

743
The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
743
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
1.2K
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
2.3K
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
744
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
06:51

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

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Clinically Relevant Anatomical Variations in the Brachial Plexus.

Niki T Patel1, Heather F Smith1,2,3

  • 1Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Anatomical variations in the brachial plexus are common, with significant implications for clinicians. Understanding these nerve variations is crucial for diagnosing and treating upper extremity conditions.

Keywords:
anatomical variationbrachial plexusneuralgiathoracic outlet syndrome

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Last Updated: Aug 7, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Neuroscience
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Brachial plexus anatomical variations can lead to diverse clinical presentations, including neuralgias and altered sensory/motor deficits in the upper extremity.
  • These variations can deviate from standard dermatome maps, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frequency and anatomical characteristics of clinically relevant brachial plexus variations.
  • To provide awareness for clinicians, particularly surgeons, regarding common nerve variations.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of brachial plexus anatomy was conducted using a sample of human body donors.
  • Detailed examination of nerve branching patterns and origins was performed.

Main Results:

  • High frequency of brachial plexus branching variants observed.
  • Medial pectoral nerves originated from lateral or dual cords in 30% of cases.
  • Thoracodorsal nerve originated from the axillary nerve in 17% of cases.
  • Musculocutaneous nerve branches contributed to the median nerve in 5% of specimens.
  • Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve shared a common trunk or originated from the ulnar nerve in 5% and 3% of cases, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Clinically significant brachial plexus variations are frequent and necessitate awareness among healthcare professionals.
  • Observed variations, such as dual cord innervation of the pectoralis minor, challenge traditional anatomical understanding.