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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Latest Advances in Highly Efficient Dye-Based Photoinitiating Systems for Radical Polymerization.

Alicja Balcerak1, Janina Kabatc-Borcz1, Zbigniew Czech2

  • 1Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Polymers
|March 11, 2023
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Summary

This study reviews photoinitiated radical polymerization, highlighting advanced dye-based photoinitiator systems for efficient polymer material fabrication. These systems offer mild conditions and broad applications in science and technology.

Keywords:
BODIPYsdyeing photoinitiating systemslight-induced radical polymerizationpyrrole derivativessensitizerssquaraines

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Photopolymerization is a key technique for advanced polymer material fabrication.
  • Photoinitiators (PIs) are essential for light-activated polymerization.
  • Dye-based photoinitiating systems have become increasingly important.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review photoinitiated radical polymerization and its applications.
  • To focus on high-performance radical photoinitiators with sensitizers.
  • To present recent advancements in dye-based photoinitiating systems for acrylate polymerization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of photoinitiated radical polymerization.
  • Analysis of dye-based photoinitiating systems.
  • Discussion of applications in various scientific and technological fields.

Main Results:

  • Dye-based photoinitiators offer efficient radical polymerization under mild conditions.
  • Numerous photoinitiators with organic dyes as light absorbers have been developed.
  • New initiators are needed for effective chain reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Photoinitiated radical polymerization is a versatile and environmentally friendly technique.
  • Dye-based photoinitiating systems are crucial for modern polymer synthesis.
  • Ongoing research focuses on developing novel, high-performance photoinitiators.