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Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

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Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
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Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
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Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Synthesis, Properties and Application of Novel 2-Substituted Benzothiazole-Based Oxime Esters.

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Oxime Esters as Efficient Initiators in Photopolymerization Processes.

Monika Dzwonkowska-Zarzycka1, Alicja Balcerak-Woźniak1, Janina Kabatc-Borcz1

  • 1Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New oxime ester photoinitiators offer efficient UV/Vis absorption and low toxicity for photocurable systems. These versatile compounds show high performance in photopolymerization, paving the way for greener materials.

Keywords:
oxime estersoximesphotopolymerizationsynthesis type I photoinitiator

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Growing demand for environmentally friendly and regulatory-compliant photoinitiators.
  • Oxime esters are emerging as highly efficient radical photoinitiators.
  • Need for photoinitiators with strong UV/Vis absorption and reduced toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel oxime esters as photoinitiators.
  • To investigate their performance in photopolymerization processes.
  • To explore their potential as type I and type II photoinitiators.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of five series of oxime esters with diverse scaffolds (carbazole, coumarin, etc.).
  • Photopolymerization experiments to assess photoinitiator performance.
  • Determination of monomer conversion degrees to confirm photoinitiating efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated high performance of oxime esters in photopolymerization.
  • Confirmed their ability to function as both type I and type II photoinitiators.
  • Achieved high monomer conversion degrees, indicating efficient radical generation.

Conclusions:

  • Oxime esters are versatile and high-performing photoinitiating systems.
  • These compounds meet requirements for efficient UV/Vis absorption and reduced toxicity.
  • Further structural modifications can enhance water solubility and enable cytotoxicity studies.