Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

7.1K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
7.1K
Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

212
Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
212
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

13.7K
Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
13.7K
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

6.3K
Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
6.3K
Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding01:25

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding

133
Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
133
Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

314
Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
314

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Isotemporal substitution analysis of the effects of in-kindergarten structured and unstructured activity behaviors on sleep problems in preschool children.

BMC public health·2026
Same author

Long-Term Prognostic Impact of Changes in Coronary Angiography-Derived Index of Microcirculatory Resistance Following PCI.

JACC. Cardiovascular interventions·2026
Same author

USP13 ameliorates myocardial infarction injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via stabilizing ALDOA.

Redox biology·2026
Same author

Associated Factors of Primary Cam Morphology in 4477 Early Adolescents: A Multiethnic, Population-Based, Cross-sectional Study (Generation R).

Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine·2025
Same author

Diabetes and ALDH2 Gene Polymorphism on Post-Ablation Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence.

JACC. Asia·2025
Same author

Interaction between coronary lesion complexity and coronary microvascular dysfunction in the prognosis of NSTEMI patients.

Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society·2025
Same journal

Phase-specific turbulence index derived from vector flow imaging for identifying intraplaque neovascularization in carotid plaques.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026
Same journal

The association of remnant cholesterol inflammatory index with the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective study.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026
Same journal

Psychological stress and diastolic blood pressure in cardiology outpatients: a multicenter cross-sectional study (from the ABC2X-2026 study).

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026
Same journal

Long-term efficacy and renal safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure and advanced chronic kidney disease (stage 4): a propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026
Same journal

Multimodal echocardiographic techniques in the diagnosis of cardiac tumors: applications and recent advances.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026
Same journal

Association of the apolipoproteins with retinal arteriosclerosis in a health examination population.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
07:32

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation

Published on: May 26, 2023

4.2K

Constipation and cardiovascular disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.

Qichao Dong1, Delong Chen2, Yuxuan Zhang2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China.

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
|March 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated the causal link between constipation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Mendelian randomization. Results suggest a potential link between constipation and atrial fibrillation (AF) risk, but not other CVDs.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationatrial fibrillationcardiovascular diseasecausalityconstipation

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Exploring Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease
03:20

Author Spotlight: Exploring Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: September 22, 2023

1.9K
Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
07:32

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation

Published on: May 26, 2023

4.2K
Author Spotlight: Exploring Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease
03:20

Author Spotlight: Exploring Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: September 22, 2023

1.9K
Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Epidemiology
  • Genetic Epidemiology

Background:

  • Observational studies suggest a link between constipation and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • A definitive causal relationship between constipation and CVD remains unestablished.
  • Mendelian randomization (MR) offers a robust method to infer causality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal associations between constipation and various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
  • To leverage genetic variants to explore the etiological relationship between constipation and CVD outcomes.
  • To differentiate between observational associations and true causal effects.

Main Methods:

  • A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design was employed.
  • Genetic instrumental variables for constipation were derived from the FinnGen consortium.
  • Summary-level data for multiple CVD outcomes (e.g., coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation) were analyzed using established MR methods and sensitivity analyses.

Main Results:

  • A suggestive, albeit not statistically significant after multiple testing correction, association was found between genetically predicted constipation and an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF).
  • No evidence of a causal association was observed between constipation and coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), or stroke.
  • Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings.

Conclusions:

  • This MR study provides suggestive evidence for a potential causal link between constipation and atrial fibrillation (AF) risk.
  • No causal relationship was identified between constipation and other major cardiovascular diseases.
  • Further research may be warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying the suggestive AF association.