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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

502
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
502
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.0K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
3.0K
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.4K
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.4K
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

659
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
659
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

23.8K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
23.8K
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

22.5K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
22.5K

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Synthesis of Bimetallic Pt/Sn-based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids
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Noble Metals Dissolution Catalyzed by [AlCl4 -]-Based Ionic Liquids.

Bolin Wang1,2, Yuxue Yue2, Yuliang Li1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin132012, China.

ACS Omega
|March 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquid mixtures effectively dissolve gold, palladium, and platinum under mild conditions. This novel method aids in noble metal recycling and catalyst reactivation, crucial for industrial applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Noble metals like gold (Au), palladium (Pd), and platinum (Pt) are critical in various industrial processes, including catalysis.
  • The recovery and recycling of these precious metals are economically and environmentally significant.
  • Existing methods for noble metal dissolution often require harsh conditions or are inefficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient and mild method for dissolving Au, Pd, and Pt using ionic liquids.
  • To investigate the catalytic role of specific anions in the dissolution process.
  • To demonstrate the potential application of this method in reactivating deactivated gold catalysts used in vinyl chloride production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized imidazolium-based ionic liquid mixtures containing nitrate ([NO3]-) and tetrachloroaluminate ([AlCl4]-) anions.
  • Employed these ionic liquids as oxidizing agents for the dissolution of Au, Pd, and Pt.
  • Studied the thermodynamic reduction of [NO3]- to nitric oxide (NO) and its catalytic mechanism involving [AlCl4]-.

Main Results:

  • Achieved successful dissolution of Au, Pd, and Pt under mild conditions using the developed ionic liquid system.
  • Identified that [AlCl4]- anions catalyze the reduction of [NO3]-, which is coupled with noble metal oxidation.
  • Demonstrated that the ionic liquid system can reactivate gold (Au0) from deactivated catalysts in vinyl chloride production.

Conclusions:

  • Imidazolium-based ionic liquids offer a promising route for the mild and efficient dissolution of noble metals.
  • The catalytic interplay between [NO3]- and [AlCl4]- anions is key to the observed oxidation processes.
  • This technology holds significant potential for technical noble metal recycling and catalyst regeneration.