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Peer review perpetuates barriers for historically excluded groups.

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Scientific peer review shows bias against authors from Asia, non-English speaking countries, and nations with lower Human Development Index scores. Few journals implement policies to mitigate this demographic bias.

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Area of Science:

  • Biological Sciences
  • Ecology and Evolution Journals

Background:

  • Peer review is crucial for scientific progress and career advancement.
  • Bias in peer review can disadvantage certain authors, impacting equity.
  • Understanding and mitigating bias is essential for a fair scientific process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate demographic bias in scientific peer review outcomes.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of bias reduction strategies.
  • To map current peer review policies in ecology and evolution journals.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of peer review data from 312,740 biological sciences manuscripts across 31 studies.
  • Examination of review outcomes in relation to author demographics (institutional affiliation, country, primary language).
  • Review of policies from 541 ecology and evolution journals.

Main Results:

  • Authors affiliated with institutions in Asia, non-English speaking countries, and countries with lower Human Development Indices experienced worse review outcomes, including lower acceptance rates.
  • Limited evidence exists for the efficacy of bias mitigation interventions beyond those addressing gender bias (e.g., double-blind review, diverse boards).
  • A small percentage of journals implemented bias mitigation policies: 15.9% used double-blind review, and 2.03% had reviewer guidelines addressing social justice.

Conclusions:

  • Significant demographic disparities exist in scientific peer review outcomes.
  • There is an urgent need for evidence-based strategies to address and mitigate bias in peer review.
  • Current implementation of bias mitigation policies in journals is insufficient to ensure demographic equity.